{"app_version":null,"app_version_error":"FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/app/VERSION'","app_version_source":"/app/VERSION","common_enzymes":["EcoRI","BamHI","HindIII","NotI","XhoI","XbaI","NcoI","NdeI","NheI","SalI","PstI","KpnI","SacI","SmaI","SpeI","BglII","EcoRV","ClaI","AgeI","BsaI","BsmBI","BbsI","SapI"],"cterm_tags":["None","MHC-I trafficking (MITD)","MHC-I trafficking (MITD, DC vaccines)","WPRE not-a-peptide"],"multi_linkers":["T2A (self-cleaving)","P2A (self-cleaving)","F2A (self-cleaving)","GS flexible (GGGGS)x3","EAAAK rigid","Furin + GSG"],"ok":true,"optional_dependencies":{"biopython":{"available":true},"matplotlib":{"available":true},"openpyxl":{"available":false,"reason":"ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'openpyxl'"},"primer3":{"available":true},"vienna":{"available":true}},"optional_dependencies_missing":1,"optional_dependencies_status":"1 optional dependency(ies) unavailable \u2014 affected features will degrade gracefully but are disabled","organisms":[{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"elephant_african","kind":"empirical","label":"African elephant","latin":"Loxodonta africana","low_data":false,"n_cds":248,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 248 African elephant RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (afrotherians (elephants, manatee))","clade":"afrotherian","clade_label":"afrotherians (elephants, manatee)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"African elephant belongs to afrotherians (elephants, manatee). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"elephant_asian","kind":"empirical","label":"Asian elephant","latin":"Elephas maximus","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Asian elephant RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (afrotherians (elephants, manatee))","clade":"afrotherian","clade_label":"afrotherians (elephants, manatee)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Asian elephant belongs to afrotherians (elephants, manatee). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"okapi","kind":"proxy","label":"Okapi","latin":"Okapia johnstoni","note":"Okapi has little/no coding data in NCBI; Cattle (Bos taurus) is used as a documented codon-usage proxy.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (giraffids (okapi, giraffe))","clade":"giraffid","clade_label":"giraffids (okapi, giraffe)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Okapi belongs to giraffids (okapi, giraffe). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cattle (Bos taurus)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"bongo","kind":"proxy","label":"Bongo","latin":"Tragelaphus eurycerus","note":"Bongo has little/no coding data in NCBI; Cattle (Bos taurus) is used as a documented codon-usage proxy.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Bongo belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cattle (Bos taurus)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"giant_panda","kind":"empirical","label":"Giant panda","latin":"Ailuropoda melanoleuca","low_data":false,"n_cds":247,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 247 Giant panda RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Giant panda belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"polar_bear","kind":"empirical","label":"Polar bear","latin":"Ursus maritimus","low_data":false,"n_cds":248,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 248 Polar bear RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Polar bear belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"tiger","kind":"empirical","label":"Tiger","latin":"Panthera tigris","low_data":false,"n_cds":249,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 249 Tiger RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Tiger belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Tiger (Panthera tigris)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"lion","kind":"empirical","label":"Lion","latin":"Panthera leo","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Lion RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Lion belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Lion (Panthera leo)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"cheetah","kind":"empirical","label":"Cheetah","latin":"Acinonyx jubatus","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Cheetah RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Cheetah belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"gorilla","kind":"empirical","label":"Western gorilla","latin":"Gorilla gorilla","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Western gorilla RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Western gorilla belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"chimpanzee","kind":"empirical","label":"Chimpanzee","latin":"Pan troglodytes","low_data":false,"n_cds":241,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 241 Chimpanzee RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Chimpanzee belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"rhesus_macaque","kind":"empirical","label":"Rhesus macaque","latin":"Macaca mulatta","low_data":false,"n_cds":248,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 248 Rhesus macaque RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Rhesus macaque belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"horse","kind":"empirical","label":"Horse","latin":"Equus caballus","low_data":false,"n_cds":249,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 249 Horse RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros))","clade":"perissodactyl","clade_label":"odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Horse belongs to odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Horse (Equus caballus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"cattle","kind":"empirical","label":"Cattle","latin":"Bos taurus","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Cattle RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Cattle belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cattle (Bos taurus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"sheep","kind":"empirical","label":"Sheep","latin":"Ovis aries","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Sheep RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Sheep belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Sheep (Ovis aries)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"pig","kind":"empirical","label":"Pig","latin":"Sus scrofa","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Pig RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (even-toed ungulates (pig))","clade":"artiodactyl_other","clade_label":"even-toed ungulates (pig)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Pig belongs to even-toed ungulates (pig). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Pig (Sus scrofa)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"dog","kind":"empirical","label":"Dog","latin":"Canis lupus familiaris","low_data":false,"n_cds":248,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 248 Dog RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Dog belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"cat","kind":"empirical","label":"Cat","latin":"Felis catus","low_data":false,"n_cds":248,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 248 Cat RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Cat belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cat (Felis catus)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"ferret","kind":"empirical","label":"Ferret","latin":"Mustela putorius furo","low_data":false,"n_cds":248,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 248 Ferret RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Ferret belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"koala","kind":"empirical","label":"Koala","latin":"Phascolarctos cinereus","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Koala RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (marsupials (koala, Tasmanian devil))","clade":"marsupial","clade_label":"marsupials (koala, Tasmanian devil)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Koala belongs to marsupials (koala, Tasmanian devil). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"dolphin","kind":"empirical","label":"Bottlenose dolphin","latin":"Tursiops truncatus","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Bottlenose dolphin RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo))","clade":"cetartiodactyl","clade_label":"cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Bottlenose dolphin belongs to cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)"},{"category":"Reference / lab","key":"human","kind":"reference","label":"Human","latin":"Homo sapiens","note":"Standard reference codon table (Kazusa).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Human belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"h_sapiens_9606"},{"category":"Reference / lab","key":"mouse","kind":"reference","label":"Mouse","latin":"Mus musculus","note":"Standard reference codon table (Kazusa).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog))","clade":"rodent","clade_label":"rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Mouse belongs to rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"m_musculus_10090"},{"category":"Reference / lab","key":"chicken","kind":"reference","label":"Chicken","latin":"Gallus gallus","note":"Standard reference codon table (Kazusa).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Chicken is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"g_gallus_9031"},{"category":"Pathogens (antigen source)","key":"mtb","kind":"empirical","label":"M. tuberculosis","latin":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","low_data":false,"n_cds":472,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 472 M. tuberculosis RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"host-default","clade":"n/a","clade_label":"pathogen (antigen source)","group":"n/a","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"M. tuberculosis is a pathogen used as an antigen SOURCE, not a host you dose. UTRs/poly(A) are chosen for the target ANIMAL, not the pathogen \u2014 pick the host species to get a tailored recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"pathogen","source":"M. tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)"},{"category":"Pathogens (antigen source)","key":"mbovis","kind":"empirical","label":"M. bovis (bovine/elephant TB)","latin":"Mycobacterium bovis","low_data":false,"n_cds":1229,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 1229 M. bovis (bovine/elephant TB) RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"host-default","clade":"n/a","clade_label":"pathogen (antigen source)","group":"n/a","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"M. bovis (bovine/elephant TB) is a pathogen used as an antigen SOURCE, not a host you dose. UTRs/poly(A) are chosen for the target ANIMAL, not the pathogen \u2014 pick the host species to get a tailored recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"pathogen","source":"M. bovis (bovine/elephant TB) (Mycobacterium bovis)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"black_rhino","kind":"buildable","label":"Black rhinoceros","latin":"Diceros bicornis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Diceros bicornis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros))","clade":"perissodactyl","clade_label":"odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Black rhinoceros belongs to odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"white_rhino","kind":"empirical","label":"White rhinoceros","latin":"Ceratotherium simum","low_data":false,"n_cds":201,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 201 White rhinoceros RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros))","clade":"perissodactyl","clade_label":"odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"White rhinoceros belongs to odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"hippo","kind":"buildable","label":"Hippopotamus","latin":"Hippopotamus amphibius","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Hippopotamus amphibius RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo))","clade":"cetartiodactyl","clade_label":"cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Hippopotamus belongs to cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"giraffe","kind":"empirical","label":"Giraffe","latin":"Giraffa camelopardalis","low_data":true,"n_cds":7,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 7 Giraffe RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI). [WARN] Few sequences available \u2014 this table is approximate; consider a well-sequenced relative.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (giraffids (okapi, giraffe))","clade":"giraffid","clade_label":"giraffids (okapi, giraffe)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Giraffe belongs to giraffids (okapi, giraffe). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"sumatran_orangutan","kind":"buildable","label":"Sumatran orangutan","latin":"Pongo abelii","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Pongo abelii RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Sumatran orangutan belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"snow_leopard","kind":"buildable","label":"Snow leopard","latin":"Panthera uncia","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Panthera uncia RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Snow leopard belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"jaguar","kind":"buildable","label":"Jaguar","latin":"Panthera onca","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Panthera onca RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Jaguar belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Jaguar (Panthera onca)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"leopard","kind":"buildable","label":"Leopard","latin":"Panthera pardus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Panthera pardus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Leopard belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Leopard (Panthera pardus)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"red_wolf","kind":"buildable","label":"Red wolf","latin":"Canis rufus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Canis rufus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Red wolf belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Red wolf (Canis rufus)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"gray_wolf","kind":"buildable","label":"Gray wolf","latin":"Canis lupus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Canis lupus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Gray wolf belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Gray wolf (Canis lupus)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"sea_otter","kind":"buildable","label":"Sea otter","latin":"Enhydra lutris","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Enhydra lutris RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Sea otter belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Sea otter (Enhydra lutris)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"bonobo","kind":"buildable","label":"Bonobo","latin":"Pan paniscus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Pan paniscus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Bonobo belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Bonobo (Pan paniscus)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"ring_tailed_lemur","kind":"buildable","label":"Ring-tailed lemur","latin":"Lemur catta","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Lemur catta RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Ring-tailed lemur belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"marmoset","kind":"buildable","label":"Common marmoset","latin":"Callithrix jacchus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Callithrix jacchus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Common marmoset belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"bison","kind":"buildable","label":"American bison","latin":"Bison bison","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Bison bison RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"American bison belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"American bison (Bison bison)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"goat","kind":"buildable","label":"Goat","latin":"Capra hircus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Capra hircus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Goat belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Goat (Capra hircus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"llama","kind":"buildable","label":"Llama","latin":"Lama glama","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Lama glama RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (camelids (llama, alpaca))","clade":"camelid","clade_label":"camelids (llama, alpaca)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Llama belongs to camelids (llama, alpaca). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Llama (Lama glama)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"alpaca","kind":"buildable","label":"Alpaca","latin":"Vicugna pacos","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Vicugna pacos RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (camelids (llama, alpaca))","clade":"camelid","clade_label":"camelids (llama, alpaca)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Alpaca belongs to camelids (llama, alpaca). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Alpaca (Vicugna pacos)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"manatee","kind":"buildable","label":"Manatee","latin":"Trichechus manatus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Trichechus manatus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (afrotherians (elephants, manatee))","clade":"afrotherian","clade_label":"afrotherians (elephants, manatee)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Manatee belongs to afrotherians (elephants, manatee). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Manatee (Trichechus manatus)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"orca","kind":"buildable","label":"Orca","latin":"Orcinus orca","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Orcinus orca RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo))","clade":"cetartiodactyl","clade_label":"cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Orca belongs to cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Orca (Orcinus orca)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"california_condor","kind":"empirical","label":"California condor","latin":"Gymnogyps californianus","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 California condor RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"California condor is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"bald_eagle","kind":"buildable","label":"Bald eagle","latin":"Haliaeetus leucocephalus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Haliaeetus leucocephalus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Bald eagle is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"peregrine_falcon","kind":"buildable","label":"Peregrine falcon","latin":"Falco peregrinus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Falco peregrinus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Peregrine falcon is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"kakapo","kind":"buildable","label":"K\u0101k\u0101p\u014d","latin":"Strigops habroptila","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Strigops habroptila RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"K\u0101k\u0101p\u014d is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"K\u0101k\u0101p\u014d (Strigops habroptila)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"zebra_finch","kind":"buildable","label":"Zebra finch","latin":"Taeniopygia guttata","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Taeniopygia guttata RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Zebra finch is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"komodo_dragon","kind":"buildable","label":"Komodo dragon","latin":"Varanus komodoensis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Varanus komodoensis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Komodo dragon is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"galapagos_tortoise","kind":"buildable","label":"Gal\u00e1pagos tortoise","latin":"Chelonoidis niger","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Chelonoidis niger RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Gal\u00e1pagos tortoise is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Gal\u00e1pagos tortoise (Chelonoidis niger)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"axolotl","kind":"empirical","label":"Axolotl","latin":"Ambystoma mexicanum","low_data":false,"n_cds":247,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 247 Axolotl RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"mammalian-consensus fallback (no amphibian-native UTR curated yet)","clade":"amphibian","clade_label":"amphibians (axolotl)","group":"amphibian","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Axolotl is an amphibian \u2014 a vertebrate class distinct from both mammals and reptiles. No amphibian-native UTR pair has been curated for Nucleora yet (unlike birds and reptiles, which use real clade-native sequences), so this falls back to the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail. Treat this as a conservative starting point, not a validated amphibian-specific recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"green_sea_turtle","kind":"buildable","label":"Green sea turtle","latin":"Chelonia mydas","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Chelonia mydas RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Green sea turtle is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)"},{"category":"Pathogens (antigen source)","key":"eehv","kind":"buildable","label":"EEHV (elephant herpesvirus)","latin":"Elephantid herpesvirus 1","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Elephantid herpesvirus 1 RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"host-default","clade":"n/a","clade_label":"pathogen (antigen source)","group":"n/a","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"EEHV (elephant herpesvirus) is a pathogen used as an antigen SOURCE, not a host you dose. UTRs/poly(A) are chosen for the target ANIMAL, not the pathogen \u2014 pick the host species to get a tailored recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"pathogen","source":"EEHV (elephant herpesvirus) (Elephantid herpesvirus 1)"},{"category":"Pathogens (antigen source)","key":"rabies","kind":"buildable","label":"Rabies virus","latin":"Rabies lyssavirus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Rabies lyssavirus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"host-default","clade":"n/a","clade_label":"pathogen (antigen source)","group":"n/a","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Rabies virus is a pathogen used as an antigen SOURCE, not a host you dose. UTRs/poly(A) are chosen for the target ANIMAL, not the pathogen \u2014 pick the host species to get a tailored recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"pathogen","source":"Rabies virus (Rabies lyssavirus)"},{"category":"Pathogens (antigen source)","key":"canine_distemper","kind":"buildable","label":"Canine distemper virus","latin":"Canine morbillivirus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Canine morbillivirus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"host-default","clade":"n/a","clade_label":"pathogen (antigen source)","group":"n/a","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Canine distemper virus is a pathogen used as an antigen SOURCE, not a host you dose. UTRs/poly(A) are chosen for the target ANIMAL, not the pathogen \u2014 pick the host species to get a tailored recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"pathogen","source":"Canine distemper virus (Canine morbillivirus)"},{"category":"Pathogens (antigen source)","key":"avian_influenza","kind":"buildable","label":"Avian influenza (H5N1)","latin":"Influenza A virus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Influenza A virus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"host-default","clade":"n/a","clade_label":"pathogen (antigen source)","group":"n/a","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Avian influenza (H5N1) is a pathogen used as an antigen SOURCE, not a host you dose. UTRs/poly(A) are chosen for the target ANIMAL, not the pathogen \u2014 pick the host species to get a tailored recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"pathogen","source":"Avian influenza (H5N1) (Influenza A virus)"},{"category":"Pathogens (antigen source)","key":"chytrid_fungus","kind":"buildable","label":"Chytrid fungus (Bd)","latin":"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"host-default","clade":"n/a","clade_label":"pathogen (antigen source)","group":"n/a","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Chytrid fungus (Bd) is a pathogen used as an antigen SOURCE, not a host you dose. UTRs/poly(A) are chosen for the target ANIMAL, not the pathogen \u2014 pick the host species to get a tailored recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"pathogen","source":"Chytrid fungus (Bd) (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)"},{"category":"Reference / lab","key":"green_anole","kind":"empirical","label":"Green anole (lizard)","latin":"Anolis carolinensis","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Green anole (lizard) RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Green anole (lizard) is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Green anole (lizard) (Anolis carolinensis)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"red_fox","kind":"empirical","label":"Red fox","latin":"Vulpes vulpes","low_data":false,"n_cds":250,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 250 Red fox RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Red fox belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"raccoon","kind":"empirical","label":"Raccoon","latin":"Procyon lotor","low_data":true,"n_cds":6,"note":"Codon usage tallied from 6 Raccoon RefSeq coding sequences (NCBI). [WARN] Few sequences available \u2014 this table is approximate; consider a well-sequenced relative.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Raccoon belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Raccoon (Procyon lotor)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"coyote","kind":"buildable","label":"Coyote","latin":"Canis latrans","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Canis latrans RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Coyote belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Coyote (Canis latrans)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"striped_skunk","kind":"buildable","label":"Striped skunk","latin":"Mephitis mephitis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Mephitis mephitis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Striped skunk belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"raccoon_dog","kind":"buildable","label":"Raccoon dog","latin":"Nyctereutes procyonoides","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Nyctereutes procyonoides RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Raccoon dog belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"arctic_fox","kind":"buildable","label":"Arctic fox","latin":"Vulpes lagopus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Vulpes lagopus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Arctic fox belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"european_badger","kind":"buildable","label":"European badger","latin":"Meles meles","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Meles meles RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"European badger belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"European badger (Meles meles)"},{"category":"Wildlife carnivores (oral-bait targets)","key":"mongoose","kind":"buildable","label":"Small Indian mongoose","latin":"Urva auropunctata","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Urva auropunctata RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Small Indian mongoose belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"sumatran_rhino","kind":"buildable","label":"Sumatran rhinoceros","latin":"Dicerorhinus sumatrensis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Dicerorhinus sumatrensis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros))","clade":"perissodactyl","clade_label":"odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Sumatran rhinoceros belongs to odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"indian_rhino","kind":"buildable","label":"Indian rhinoceros","latin":"Rhinoceros unicornis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Rhinoceros unicornis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros))","clade":"perissodactyl","clade_label":"odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Indian rhinoceros belongs to odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"pygmy_hippo","kind":"buildable","label":"Pygmy hippopotamus","latin":"Choeropsis liberiensis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Choeropsis liberiensis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo))","clade":"cetartiodactyl","clade_label":"cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Pygmy hippopotamus belongs to cetartiodactyls (dolphin, orca, hippo). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"cape_buffalo","kind":"buildable","label":"Cape buffalo","latin":"Syncerus caffer","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Syncerus caffer RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Cape buffalo belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"gaur","kind":"buildable","label":"Gaur","latin":"Bos gaurus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Bos gaurus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Gaur belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Gaur (Bos gaurus)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"moose","kind":"buildable","label":"Moose","latin":"Alces alces","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Alces alces RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Moose belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Moose (Alces alces)"},{"category":"Conservation / megafauna","key":"przewalski_horse","kind":"buildable","label":"Przewalski's horse","latin":"Equus przewalskii","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Equus przewalskii RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros))","clade":"perissodactyl","clade_label":"odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Przewalski's horse belongs to odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"clouded_leopard","kind":"buildable","label":"Clouded leopard","latin":"Neofelis nebulosa","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Neofelis nebulosa RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Clouded leopard belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"puma","kind":"buildable","label":"Puma (cougar)","latin":"Puma concolor","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Puma concolor RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Puma (cougar) belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Puma (cougar) (Puma concolor)"},{"category":"Big cats","key":"lynx","kind":"buildable","label":"Eurasian lynx","latin":"Lynx lynx","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Lynx lynx RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Eurasian lynx belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"spectacled_bear","kind":"buildable","label":"Spectacled bear","latin":"Tremarctos ornatus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Tremarctos ornatus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Spectacled bear belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"sun_bear","kind":"buildable","label":"Sun bear","latin":"Helarctos malayanus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Helarctos malayanus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Sun bear belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"african_wild_dog","kind":"buildable","label":"African wild dog","latin":"Lycaon pictus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Lycaon pictus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"African wild dog belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"ethiopian_wolf","kind":"buildable","label":"Ethiopian wolf","latin":"Canis simensis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Canis simensis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Ethiopian wolf belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"fennec_fox","kind":"buildable","label":"Fennec fox","latin":"Vulpes zerda","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Vulpes zerda RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Fennec fox belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)"},{"category":"Carnivores / companion","key":"wolverine","kind":"buildable","label":"Wolverine","latin":"Gulo gulo","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Gulo gulo RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Wolverine belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Wolverine (Gulo gulo)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"mandrill","kind":"buildable","label":"Mandrill","latin":"Mandrillus sphinx","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Mandrillus sphinx RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Mandrill belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"baboon","kind":"buildable","label":"Olive baboon","latin":"Papio anubis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Papio anubis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Olive baboon belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Olive baboon (Papio anubis)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"cynomolgus","kind":"buildable","label":"Cynomolgus macaque","latin":"Macaca fascicularis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Macaca fascicularis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Cynomolgus macaque belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"squirrel_monkey","kind":"buildable","label":"Squirrel monkey","latin":"Saimiri sciureus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Saimiri sciureus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Squirrel monkey belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)"},{"category":"Primates","key":"siamang","kind":"buildable","label":"Siamang","latin":"Symphalangus syndactylus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Symphalangus syndactylus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset))","clade":"primate","clade_label":"primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset)","group":"primate","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Siamang belongs to primates (human, ape, macaque, lemur, marmoset). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style) 3\u2032UTR amplicon, validated in a human vaccine \u2014 the closest-matched clade for a primate host, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"water_buffalo","kind":"buildable","label":"Water buffalo","latin":"Bubalus bubalis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Bubalus bubalis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Water buffalo belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"donkey","kind":"buildable","label":"Donkey","latin":"Equus asinus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Equus asinus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros))","clade":"perissodactyl","clade_label":"odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Donkey belongs to odd-toed ungulates (horse, rhinoceros). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Donkey (Equus asinus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"reindeer","kind":"buildable","label":"Reindeer","latin":"Rangifer tarandus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Rangifer tarandus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Reindeer belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"red_deer","kind":"buildable","label":"Red deer","latin":"Cervus elaphus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Cervus elaphus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Red deer belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Red deer (Cervus elaphus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"white_tailed_deer","kind":"buildable","label":"White-tailed deer","latin":"Odocoileus virginianus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Odocoileus virginianus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"White-tailed deer belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)"},{"category":"Hoofstock / livestock","key":"yak","kind":"buildable","label":"Domestic yak","latin":"Bos grunniens","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Bos grunniens RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison))","clade":"ruminant","clade_label":"ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Domestic yak belongs to ruminants (cattle, sheep, antelope, bison). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Domestic yak (Bos grunniens)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"rabbit","kind":"buildable","label":"European rabbit","latin":"Oryctolagus cuniculus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Oryctolagus cuniculus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (lagomorphs (rabbits, hares))","clade":"lagomorph","clade_label":"lagomorphs (rabbits, hares)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"European rabbit belongs to lagomorphs (rabbits, hares). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)"},{"category":"Reference / lab","key":"guinea_pig","kind":"buildable","label":"Guinea pig","latin":"Cavia porcellus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Cavia porcellus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog))","clade":"rodent","clade_label":"rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Guinea pig belongs to rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)"},{"category":"Reference / lab","key":"rat","kind":"reference","label":"Brown rat","latin":"Rattus norvegicus","note":"Standard reference codon table (Kazusa).","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog))","clade":"rodent","clade_label":"rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Brown rat belongs to rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"m_musculus_10090"},{"category":"Reference / lab","key":"golden_hamster","kind":"buildable","label":"Golden hamster","latin":"Mesocricetus auratus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Mesocricetus auratus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog))","clade":"rodent","clade_label":"rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Golden hamster belongs to rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"prairie_dog","kind":"buildable","label":"Black-tailed prairie dog","latin":"Cynomys ludovicianus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Cynomys ludovicianus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog))","clade":"rodent","clade_label":"rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Black-tailed prairie dog belongs to rodents (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, prairie dog). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"tasmanian_devil","kind":"buildable","label":"Tasmanian devil","latin":"Sarcophilus harrisii","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Sarcophilus harrisii RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (marsupials (koala, Tasmanian devil))","clade":"marsupial","clade_label":"marsupials (koala, Tasmanian devil)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Tasmanian devil belongs to marsupials (koala, Tasmanian devil). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"red_panda","kind":"buildable","label":"Red panda","latin":"Ailurus fulgens","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Ailurus fulgens RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters))","clade":"carnivore","clade_label":"carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Red panda belongs to carnivorans (cats, bears, dogs, otters). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"pangolin","kind":"buildable","label":"Chinese pangolin","latin":"Manis pentadactyla","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Manis pentadactyla RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (pangolins)","clade":"pholidote","clade_label":"pangolins","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Chinese pangolin belongs to pangolins. The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"vampire_bat","kind":"buildable","label":"Common vampire bat","latin":"Desmodus rotundus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Desmodus rotundus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (bats (vampire bat, fruit bat))","clade":"chiropteran","clade_label":"bats (vampire bat, fruit bat)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Common vampire bat belongs to bats (vampire bat, fruit bat). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)"},{"category":"Other mammals","key":"fruit_bat","kind":"buildable","label":"Egyptian fruit bat","latin":"Rousettus aegyptiacus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Rousettus aegyptiacus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-anchored (bats (vampire bat, fruit bat))","clade":"chiropteran","clade_label":"bats (vampire bat, fruit bat)","group":"mammal","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Egyptian fruit bat belongs to bats (vampire bat, fruit bat). The regulatory elements that control mRNA translation and half-life \u2014 the 5\u2032UTR, 3\u2032UTR and poly(A) tail \u2014 act through cap-binding (eIF4E/eIF4G), poly(A)-binding protein and deadenylase machinery that is conserved across mammals, so there is no okapi- or elephant-specific optimum in the literature. Nucleora therefore recommends the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail (human mRNA vaccines cluster at ~100\u2013120 nt; longer is not better). This is the validated default for the whole clade, not a per-species number.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"whooping_crane","kind":"buildable","label":"Whooping crane","latin":"Grus americana","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Grus americana RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Whooping crane is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Whooping crane (Grus americana)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"andean_condor","kind":"buildable","label":"Andean condor","latin":"Vultur gryphus","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Vultur gryphus RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Andean condor is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Andean condor (Vultur gryphus)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"golden_eagle","kind":"buildable","label":"Golden eagle","latin":"Aquila chrysaetos","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Aquila chrysaetos RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Golden eagle is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"mallard","kind":"buildable","label":"Mallard duck","latin":"Anas platyrhynchos","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Anas platyrhynchos RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Mallard duck is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"turkey","kind":"buildable","label":"Domestic turkey","latin":"Meleagris gallopavo","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Meleagris gallopavo RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Domestic turkey is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)"},{"category":"Birds","key":"penguin_emperor","kind":"buildable","label":"Emperor penguin","latin":"Aptenodytes forsteri","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Aptenodytes forsteri RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Aves \u2014 real chicken beta-globin UTRs)","clade":"bird","clade_label":"birds (chicken, raptors, songbirds, parrots)","group":"bird","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Emperor penguin is a bird. Nucleora uses the REAL adult chicken beta-globin mRNA 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs (GenBank J00860) rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 these act through the same cap-binding/PABP/deadenylase machinery but are native to the host clade. No published IVT-mRNA-vaccine-specific tuning exists for birds, so a 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus length) is still used as the starting point.","utr3":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","utr5":"chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)"},"role":"host","source":"Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"american_alligator","kind":"buildable","label":"American alligator","latin":"Alligator mississippiensis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Alligator mississippiensis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"American alligator is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"ball_python","kind":"buildable","label":"Ball python","latin":"Python regius","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Python regius RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Ball python is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Ball python (Python regius)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"bearded_dragon","kind":"buildable","label":"Bearded dragon","latin":"Pogona vitticeps","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Pogona vitticeps RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Bearded dragon is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"gila_monster","kind":"buildable","label":"Gila monster","latin":"Heloderma suspectum","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Heloderma suspectum RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Gila monster is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"leatherback_turtle","kind":"buildable","label":"Leatherback sea turtle","latin":"Dermochelys coriacea","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Dermochelys coriacea RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"clade-native (Reptilia \u2014 real green-anole ACTB UTRs)","clade":"reptile","clade_label":"reptiles (anole, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards)","group":"reptile","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Leatherback sea turtle is a reptile. No mRNA-vaccine UTR has ever been characterized for a reptile host, so Nucleora uses the REAL green anole (Anolis carolinensis) beta-actin (actb) mRNA UTRs (RefSeq XM_062964539) as a clade-native starting point rather than a mammalian analog \u2014 a housekeeping-gene UTR pair from the best-annotated squamate genome available. A 120-nt poly(A) tail (the mammalian mRNA-vaccine consensus) is used pending any reptile-specific tail-length data.","utr3":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)","utr5":"green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"},"role":"host","source":"Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"hellbender","kind":"buildable","label":"Hellbender salamander","latin":"Cryptobranchus alleganiensis","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Cryptobranchus alleganiensis RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"mammalian-consensus fallback (no amphibian-native UTR curated yet)","clade":"amphibian","clade_label":"amphibians (axolotl)","group":"amphibian","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Hellbender salamander is an amphibian \u2014 a vertebrate class distinct from both mammals and reptiles. No amphibian-native UTR pair has been curated for Nucleora yet (unlike birds and reptiles, which use real clade-native sequences), so this falls back to the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail. Treat this as a conservative starting point, not a validated amphibian-specific recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)"},{"category":"Reptiles & amphibians","key":"cane_toad","kind":"buildable","label":"Cane toad","latin":"Rhinella marina","note":"No table cached yet \u2014 Nucleora can build one from Rhinella marina RefSeq sequences on first use.","recommend":{"basis":"mammalian-consensus fallback (no amphibian-native UTR curated yet)","clade":"amphibian","clade_label":"amphibians (axolotl)","group":"amphibian","polyA_len":120,"rationale":"Cane toad is an amphibian \u2014 a vertebrate class distinct from both mammals and reptiles. No amphibian-native UTR pair has been curated for Nucleora yet (unlike birds and reptiles, which use real clade-native sequences), so this falls back to the human/mammalian therapeutic-mRNA consensus: the HBB 5\u2032UTR, the AES+mtRNR1 (Moderna-style) 3\u2032UTR, the best-characterized stability module for mammalian hosts, and a 120-nt poly(A) tail. Treat this as a conservative starting point, not a validated amphibian-specific recommendation.","utr3":"AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","utr5":"HBB (human beta-globin)"},"role":"host","source":"Cane toad (Rhinella marina)"}],"primer3":true,"signal_peptides":["None","human IgE leader (METDTLLLWVLLLWVPGSTG)","tPA leader (MDAMKRGLCCVLLLCGAVFVSP)","IgG heavy leader (MELGLSWIFLLAILKGVQC)","human IgE leader","tPA leader","IgG heavy-chain leader","azurocidin leader","Gaussia luciferase leader","serum albumin leader"],"species":{"caenorhabditis_elegans":"C. elegans","danio_rerio":"Zebrafish","drosophila_melanogaster":"Fruit fly","escherichia_coli_str_k_12_substr_mg1655":"E. coli K-12","gallus_gallus":"Chicken","homo_sapiens":"Human","mus_musculus":"Mouse","rattus_norvegicus":"Rat","saccharomyces_cerevisiae":"Yeast"},"utr3":["AES + mtRNR1 (Moderna-style)","HBA+HBB (BioNTech-style amplicon)","HBB (single)","Xenopus beta-globin 3'UTR","tandem HBB-HBB (amplitude)","chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia, proximal)"],"utr5":["HBB (human beta-globin)","HBA (human alpha-globin)","TEV leader","Minimal (Kozak only)","human ferritin (FTH1) 5'UTR","chicken HBB (adult beta-globin, Aves)","green anole ACTB (beta-actin, Reptilia)"],"vienna":true}